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Evaluation of Noah-MP Performance with Available Soil Information for Vertically Heterogenous Soils

2025
Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment. DOI: 10.1002/agg2.70048 Neely, H., Y. Imam, C. Morgan, A. Kishne, J. Gross, M. Barlage, D. Gochis, X. Zhang.

A WRF-Hydro-based retrospective simulation of water resources for US integrated water availability assessment

2025
HESS, DOI: 10.5194/hess-2024-262 Rafieenasab, A., A. Mazrooei, T. Enziminger, I. Srivastava, A. Dugger, D. Gochis, N. Omani, J. Grimm, K. Sampson, Y. Zhang, J. LaFontaine, R. Viger, Y. Liu, T. Scheider.

Development of a WRF-Hydro/MODFLOW Coupling Experiment: Interface Structure and Showcase Demonstration

2025
In preparation for AGU-JAMES Felfalani, F., S. Rasmussen, A. Dugger, J. Hughes, R. Cabell, F. Chen, D. Gochis, C. He, T. Schneider, W. Zell.

The influence of lateral flow on land surface fluxes in southeast Australia varies with model resolution

2025
HESS. DOI:10.5194/hess-29- 4491-2025 Devenand, A., J.P. Evans, A.J. Pitman, S. Pal, D. Gochis, K. Sampson.

NOAA’s National Water Model: Advancing operational hydrology through continental‐scale modeling

2024
JAWRA Cosgrove, B., Gochis, D., Flowers, T., Dugger, A., Ogden, F., Graziano, T., Clark, E., Cabell, R., Casiday, N., Cui, Z. and Eicher, K.

Integrating a water tracer model into WRF‐Hydro for characterizing the effect of lateral flow in hydrologic simulations

2024
60(7), e2023WR034938 Hu, H., Leung, L. R., Dominguez, F., Gochis, D., Chen, X., Good, S., ... & Barlage, M.

Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL)(Field Campaign Report) (No

2024
DOE/SC-ARM-24-009). Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Data Center ASO Authors: Dave Gochis, Jeffrey Deems. Feldman, D., Aiken, A., Boos, W., Carroll, R., Chandrasekar, V., Collis, S., ... & Xu, Z.

Modernizing the open-source community Noah with multi parameterization options (Noah-MP) land surface model (version 5.0) with enhanced modularity, interoperability, and applicability

2024
Geoscientific Model Development 16, no. 17: 5131-5151 He, Cenlin, P. Valayamkunnath, M. Barlage, F.Chen, D. Gochis, R. Cabell, T. Schneider et al.

CONUS404: The NCAR–USGS 4-km long-term regional hydroclimate reanalysis over the CONUS

2023
104(8), pp.E1382-E1408 Rasmussen, R.M., Chen, F., Liu, C.H., Ikeda, K., Prein, A., Kim, J., Schneider, T., Dai, A., Gochis, D., Dugger, A. and Zhang, Y.

Enhancing the community Noah-MP land model capabilities for Earth sciences and applications

2023
104(11), pp. E2023- E2029 He, C., Chen, F., Barlage, M., Yang, Z.L., Wegiel, J.W., Niu, G.Y., Gochis, D., Mocko, D.M., Abolafia-Rosenzweig, R., Zhang, Z. and Lin, T.S.

Assimilation of NASA’s Airborne Snow Observatory snow measurements for improved hydrological modeling: A case study enabled by the coupled LIS/WRF-Hydro system

2022
Water Resources Research. DOI: 10.1029/2021WR029867 Lahmers, T.M., Kumar, S., Rosen, D., Dugger, A., Gochis, D., Santanello, J., Gangodagamage, C., and Dunlap, R.

Modeling the hydrologic influence of subsurface tile drainage using the National Water Model

2022
Accepted, Water Resources Research Valayamkunnath, P., D. Gochis, F. Chen, M. Barlage, K. Franz.

Evaluation of NOAA National Water Model Parameter Calibration in Semi-Arid Environments Prone to Channel Infiltration

2022
Accepted. Journal of Hydrometeorology Lahmers, T.M., Hazenberg, P., Gupta, H., Castro, C., Gochis, D., Dugger, A., Yates, D., Read, L., Karsten, L., and Wang, Y.

Benchmarking High- Resolution, Hydrologic Performance of Long-Term Retrospectives in the United States

2022
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions: 1-29 Towler, E., S.S. Foks, A. Dugger, J. Dickinson, H. Essaid, D. Gochis, R.Viger, and Y. Zhang.

Hydometeorological Modeling of an Extreme Rainfall Event using WRF and WRF-Hydro during the RELAMPAGO Field Campaign in Argentina

2021
J. Hydromet. 10.1175/JHM-D-20-0133.1 Pal, S., F. Dominguez, M.E. Dillon, J. Alvarez, C.M. Garcia, S.W. Nesbitt, D.J. Gochis.

Detailed mass balance and hydrological modeling of the Hardangerjøkulen ice cap in south-central Norway

2021
HESS. 10.5194/hess-25-4275-2021 S. W. Nesbitt, P.V. Salio, P.V., E. Ávila, P. Bitzer, L. Carey, V. Chandrasekar, W. Deierling, F. Dominguez, M. E. Dillon, C. Marcelo Garcia, D. Gochis, S. Goodman, D. A. Hence, K. A. Kosiba, M. R. Kumjian, T. Lang, L. M Eidhammer, T., A. Booth, S. Decker, L. Li, M. Barlage, D.J. Gochis, R. Rasmussen, K. Melvold, A. Nesje.

A storm safari in Subtropical South America: Proyecto RELAMPAGO

2021

BAMS. 10.1175/BAMS-D-20- 0029.1

S. W. Nesbitt, P.V. Salio, P.V., E. Ávila, P. Bitzer, L. Carey, V. Chandrasekar, W. Deierling, F. Dominguez, M. E. Dillon, C. Marcelo Garcia, D. Gochis, S. Goodman, D. A. Hence, K. A. Kosiba, M. R. Kumjian, T. Lang, L. M. Luna, J. Marquis, R. Marshall, L. A. McMurdie, E. L. Nascimento, K. L. Rasmussen, R. Roberts, A. K. Rowe, J.J. Ruiz, E. F.M.T. São Sabbas, A. C. Saulo, R. S. Schumacher, Y. G. Skabar, L. A. T. Machado, R. J. Trapp, A. Varble, J. Wilson, J. Wurman, E.J. Zipser, I. Arias, H. Bechis and M.A. Grover.

Continental Hydrologic Intercomparison Project (CHIP), Phase 1: A Framework for Large-Scale Hydrologic Model Comparisons, 2021

2021
Water Resources Research. 10.1029/2020WR028931 Tijerina, D., Condon, L., FitzGerald, K., Dugger, A., Forrester, M., Sampson, K., Gochis, D., Maxwell, R.

Landscape Controls on Water-Energy-Carbon Fluxes Across Different Ecosystems during the North American Monsoon

2020
J. Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences. DOI:10.1029/2020JG005809 Pérez-Ruiz, E.R., E.R. Vivoni, E.A. Yepez, J.C. Rodriguez, D.J. Gochis, A. Robles-Morua, J. Delgado-Balbuena, D.K. Adams.

High-resolution mapping of tile drained croplands using a geospatial modeling approach

2020
Scientific Data. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12668234 Valayamkunnath, P., M. Barlage, F. Chen, K. Franz, D.J. Gochis.

WRF-Hydro-Sed: A Process-Based Soil Erosion and Sediment Transport Model

2020
Water. DOI: 10.3390/w12061840 Yin, D., Z. G. Xue, D.J. Gochis, W. Yu, M. Morales, A. Rafieeinasab.

New transboundary hydrographic data set for advancing regional hydrological modeling and water resources management

2019
145, 06019004 Mason, L. A., A.D. Gronewold, M. Laitta, D.J. Gochis, K. Sampson, L. Read, E. Klyszejko, J. Kwan, L. Fry, K. Jones, P. Steeves, A. Pietroniro, M. Major.

Enhancing the structure of the WRF-Hydro hydrologic model for semiarid environments

2019
20, 691-714 Lahmers, T. M., H. Gupta, C. L. Castro, D. J. Gochis, D. Yates, A. Dugger, D. Goodrich, and P. Hazenberg.

Lessons learned from modeling irrigation from field to regional scales

2019
J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., DOI:10.1029/2018MS001595 Xu, X., F. Chen, M. Barlage, D.J. Gochis, S. Miao, and S. Shen.

Ocean-atmosphere conditions related to severe and persistent droughts in the Mexican Altiplano

2018
38(2), pgs. 853-866 Camarena, J., L. Brito-Castillo, L. Farfan, D. Gochis, S. Diaz.

Reservoir Evaporation: Current science, challenges, and future needs

2018
99(1), 167-188 Friedrich, K., R. Grossman, J. Huntington, P. Blanken, J. Lentners, K. Holman, D. Gochis, B. Livneh, J. Prairie, E. Skeie, N. Healey, K. Dahm, C. Pearson, T. Finnessey, S. Hook, T. Kowalski.

Modeling hydroclimatic change in southwest Louisiana rivers

2018
10, 596 Xue, Z., D.J. Gochis, W. Yu, B. Klien, R. Rholi, Z. Zang, K. Sampson, A. Dugger, D. Sathiarj, Q. Ge.

Towards Real-Time Continental Scale Streamflow Simulation in Continuous and Discrete Space

2018
J Salas, F.R., M. Somos-Valenzuel, A. Dugger, D. Maidment, D.J. Gochis, C. David, W. Yu, D. Ding, E.P. Clark.

How might recharge change under projected climate change in the western U.S.?

2017
44, 10,407–10,418 Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 17, 1741-1761, DOI:10.5194/nhess-17-1741-2017. Niraula, R., Meixner, T., Dominguez, F., Bhattarai, N., Rodell, M., Ajami, H., Gochis, D., & Castro, C.

The Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Overview, System Efforts, and Future Directions

2017
98(8), pags 1717-1727 American Water Res. Assoc., 54(1), 7-27. Powers, J.G. Klemp, J.B., Skamarock, W.C., Davis, C.A., Dudhia, J., Gill, D.O., Coen, J.L., Gochis, D.J., Ahmadov, R., Peckham, S.E., Grell, G.A., Michalakes, J., Trahan, S., Benjamin, S.G., Alexander, C.R., Dimego, G.J. Wang, W., Schwartz, C.S., Romine, G.S., Liu, Z.Q., Snyder, C., Chen, F., Barlage, M.J., Yu, W., Duda, M.G.

The Great Colorado Flood of September 2013

2016
96(9), 1461-1487 Gochis, D.J., R. Schumacher, K. Friedrich, N. Doesken, M. Kelsch, J. Sun, K. Ikeda, D. Lindsey, A. Wood, B. Dolan, S. Matrosov, A. Newman, K. Mahoney, S. Rutledge, R. Johnson, R. Kucera, P. Kennedy, D. Sempere- Torres, M. Steiner, R. Roberts, J. Wilson, W. Yu, V. Chandrasekar, R. Rasmussen, A. Anderson and B. Brown.

An overview of current applications, challenges, and future trends in distributed process-based models in hydrology

2016
J. Hydrology Fatichi, S., E.R. Vivoni, F.L. Ogden, V.Y. Ivanov, B. Mirus, D. Gochis, C.W. Downer, M. Camporese, J.H. Davison, B. Ebel, N. Jones, J. Kim, G. Mascaro, R. Niswonger, P. Restrepo, R. Rigon, C. Shen, M. Sulis, D. Tarboton.

Implications of projected climate change for groundwater recharge in the western United States, Journal of Hydrology, 534, 124-138, ISSN 0022-1694

2016
DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.027 Meixner, T., A. H. Manning, D. A. Stonestrom, D. M. Allen, H. Ajami, K. Blasch, A. E. Brookfield, C. L. Castro, J.F. Clark, D.J. Gochis, A.L. Flint, K.L. Neff, R. Niraula, M. Rodell, B.R. Scanlon, K. Singha, M.A. Walvoord.

Comparing potential recharge estimates from three Land Surface Models across the western US

2016
J. Hydrology, DOI:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.12.028 Niraula, R., T. Meixner, H. Ajami, M. Rodell, D. Gochis, C. Castro.

Testing the hybrid- 3-D hillslope hydrological model in a controlled environment

2016
Water Resources Research. 1089- 1107 Hazenberg, P, Broxton, P, Gochis, D., Niu, GY, Pangle, LA, Pelletier, JD, Troch, PA, Zeng, X.

Implementing and evaluating variable soil thickness in the Community Land Model, Version 4.5 (CLM4.5)

2016
29, 3441-3461 Brunke, M. A., P. Broxton, J. Pelletier, D. Gochis, P. Hazenberg, D. M. Lawrence, L. R. Leung, G.-Y. Niu, P. A. Troch, and X. Zeng.

Soil Moisture and Vegetation Influence on North American Monsoon Precipitation

2016
31(1), pp. 25-45 Hydrology. 3(2), 19; DOI:10.3390/hydrology3020019. Xiang, T., E. Vivoni, D. Gochis.

Continental scale convection permitting modeling of the current and future climate of North America

2016
Climate Dynamics, DOI:10.1007/s00382-016-3327-9 Changhai Liu, K. Ikeda, R. Rasmussen, M. Barlage, A.J. Newman, A. F. Prein, F. Chen, L. Chen, M. Clark, A. Dai, J. Dudhia, T. Eidhammer, D. Gochis, E. Gutmann, S. Kurkute, Y. Li, G. Thompson, D.Yates.

Towards Assessing NARCCAP Regional Climate Model Credibility for the North American Monsoon: Future Climate Simulations

2015
28(17), 6707-6728 Bukovsky, M.S., C. M. Carrillo, D. J. Gochis, D. M. Hammerling, R. R. McCrary, L.O. Mearns.

A hybrid-3D hillslope hydrological model for use in Earth system models

2015
Water Res. Research, 8218-8239 Hazenberg P., Y. Fang, P. Broxton, D. Gochis, G.-Y. Niu, J. Pelletier, P. A. Troch, X. Zeng.

Recent tree die-off has little effect on streamflow in contrast to expected increases from historical studies, Water Resour

2015
51 Biederman, J. A., A. J. Somor, A. A. Harpold, E. D. Gutmann, D. D. Breshears, P. A. Troch, D. J. Gochis, R. L. Scott, A. J. H. Meddens, and P. D. Brooks.

Raindrop size distribution and rain characteristics during the 2013 Great Colorado Flood.J

2015
17(1), 53-72 Friedrich, K., E. Kalina, J. Aikins, M. Steiner, D.J. Gochis; P. Kucera, K. Ikeda, J. Sun.

Improving the representation of hydrologic processes in Earth System Models

2015
51(8), 5929-5956 Clark, M., Y. Fan, D. Lawrence, J. Adam, D. Bolster, D. Gochis, R. Hooper, M. Kumar, L. Ruby Leung, D. Mackay, R. M. Maxwell, C. Shen, S. Swenson, X. Zeng.

A gridded global data set of soil, immobile regolith, and sedimentary deposit thicknesses for regional and global land surface modeling, J

2015
8 Pelletier, J.D., P.D. Broxton, P. Hazenberg, X. Zeng, P. A. Troch, G.-Y. Niu, Z. Williams, M. Brunke, and D. Gochis.

Hyper-resolution global hydrological modelling: what is next? “Everywhere and locally relevant”

2014
29(2), 310-320 Bierkens, Marc F. P., V.A Bell, P. Burek, N. Chaney, L.E. Condon, C. David, A. de Roo, P. Doell, N. Drost, J. Famiglietti, M. Floerke, D. J. Gochis, P. Houser, R. Hut, J. Keune, S. Kollet, R. Maxwell, J.T. Reager, L. Samaniego, E. Sudicky, E Sutanudjaja, N. van de Giesen, H. Winsemius, E.F. Wood.

New insights into debris flow hazards from an extraordinary event in the Colorado Front Range

2014
GSA Today, v. 24, no. 10, DOI: 10.1130/GSATG214A.1 Coe, J., J. Kean, J. Godt, R. Baum, E.S. Jones, D. Gochis, G.S. Anderson.

Analysis and hindcast simulations of an extreme event in the Mediterranean area: the Genoa 2011 case

2014
15, 13-29 Fiori, E., A. Comellas, L. Molini, N. Rebora, F. Siccardi, D. Gochis, S. Tanelli, A. Parodi.

The nocturnal water cycle in an open-canopy forest

2013
118(17), 10225-10242 Berkelhammer, M., Hu, J., Bailey, A., Noone, D.C., Still, C.J., Barnard, H., Gochis, D., Hsiao, G.S., Rahn, T., Turnipseed, A.

Undisturbed and disturbed above canopy ponderosa pine emissions: PTR-TOF-MS measurements and MEGAN 2.1 model results

2013
13(23), 11935-11947 Kaser, L., Karl, T., Guenther, A., Graus, M, Schnitzhofer, R., Turnipseed, A., Fischer, L., Harley, P., Madronich, M., Gochis, D., Keutsch, E.N., Hansel, A.

Contribution of leaf and needle litter to whole ecosystem BVOC fluxes

2012
59, 302-311 Greenberg, J., D. Asensio, A. Turnipseed, A. Guenther, T. Karl, D. Gochis.

Cascading Impacts of Bark Beetle-Caused Tree Mortality to Coupled Biogeophysical and Biogeochemical Processes, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment., 10(8), 1416-1424

2012
J. of Hydrometeorology, 13(6), 1817-1835. Edburg, S.L., J.A. Hicke, P.D. Brooks, E. Pendall, B. Ewers, U. Norton, D.J. Gochis and E. Gutmann.

Reply to comment by Keith J

2012
Beven and Hannah L. Cloke on "Hyperresolution global land surface modeling: Meeting a grand challenge for monitoring Earth's terrestrial water'' Water Resources Research. 48, DOI:10.1029/2011WR011202 Wood, E.F., J.K. Roundy, T.J. Troy, R. van Beek, M. Bierkens, E. Blyth, A. de Roo, P. Döll, M. Ek, J. Famiglietti, D. Gochis, N. van de Giesen, P. Houser, P.R. Jaffé, S. Kollet, B. Lehner, D.P. Lettenmaier, C. Peters-Lidard, M. Sivapalan, J. Sheffield, A. Wade, P. Whitehead.

A Comparison of Statistical and Dynamical Downscaling of Winter Precipitation over Complex Terrain

2012
25(1), 262- 288 Gutmann, E.D., R.Rasmussen, C. Liu, K. Ikeda, D.J. Gochis, M. Clark, G. Thompson.

Observations of Eastward Propagation of Atmospheric Intraseasonal Oscillations from the Pacific to the Atlantic

2011
J. Geophys. Res. 116, DOI:10.1029/2010JD014336 Yu, W., W. Han, E. Maloney, D. Gochis, and S.-P. Xie.

Hyper-Resolution Global Land Surface Modeling: Meeting a Grand Challenge for Monitoring Earth’s Terrestrial Water

2011
Water Resources Research. 47, DOI:10.1029/2010WR010090 Wood, E.F., J.K. Roundy, T.J. Troy, R. van Beek, M. Bierkens, E. Blyth, A. de Roo, P. Döll, M. Ek, J. Famiglietti, D. Gochis, N. van de Giesen, P. Houser, P.R. Jaffé, S. Kollet, B. Lehner, D.P. Lettenmaier, C. Peters-Lidard, M. Sivapalan, J. Sheffield, A. Wade, P. Whitehead.

The “Year” of Tropical Convection (May 2008 to April 2010): Climate Variability and Weather Highlights

2010
93(8), 1218 Waliser, D.E. M. Moncrieff, D. Burrridge, A. Fink, D.J. Gochis, B. N., Goswami, B. Guan, P. Harr, J. Heming, H.-H. Hsu, R. Johnson, C. Jakob, S. Jones, P. Knippertz, J. Marengo, H. Nguyen, M. Pope, Y. Sera, C. Thorncroft, M. Wheeler, R. Wood.

The NOAA/FAA/NCAR Winter Precipitation Test Bed: How Well Are We Measuring Snow? Bull. of Amer

2010
93(6), 811-829 Rasmussen, R., B. Baker, J. Kochendorfer, T. Myers, S. Landolt, A. Fisher, J. Black, J. Theriault, P. Kucera, D.J. Gochis, C. Smith, R. Nitu, M. Hall, S. Cristanelli and E. Gutmann.

High-Resolution Coupled Climate Runoff Simulations of Seasonal Snowfall over Colorado: A Process Study of Current and Warmer Climate

2010
Rasmussen, R., C. Liu, K. Ikeda, D.J. Gochis, D. Yates, F. Chen, M. Tewari, M. Barlage, J. Dudhia, W. Yu, K. Miller, K. Arsenault, V. Grubišić, G. Thompson, E. Gutmann.

Noah Land Surface Model Modifications to Improve Snowpack Prediction in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

2010
115 J. Climate, 24, 3015 – 3048. Barlage, M., F. Chen, M. Tewari, K. Ikeda, D. Gochis, J. Dudhia, R. Rasmussen, B. Livneh, M. Ek, and K. Mitchell.

An anomaly in the occurrence of the month of maximum precipitation distribution in northwest Mexico

2010
74, 531-539 Brito-Castillo, L., E. R. Vivoni, D. Gochis, A. Filonov, I. Tereschenko, and C. Monzon.

Simulation of Seasonal Snowfall over Colorado

2010
Ikeda, K. R. Rasmussen, C. Liu, D.J. Gochis, D.N. Yates, F. Chen, M. Tewari, M. Barlage, J. Dudhia, K. Miller, K. Arsenault, V. Grubisic, and G. Thompson.

Using NHDPlus as the land base for the Noah-distributed model

2009
13(4), 363-377 David, C.H., D.J. Gochis, D.R. Maidment, W. Yu, D.N. Yates, and Z.-L. Yang.

Water Vapor and surface observations in northwestern Mexico during the 2004 NAME Enhanced Observing Period

2008
35(3), L03815 Kursinski, E.R., R.A. Bennett, D. Gochis, S.I. Gutman, K.L. Holub, R. Mastaler, C.M. Sosa, I.M. Sosa, and T. van Hove.

Characteristics of North American summertime rainfall with emphasis on the monsoon

2008
21, 1277-1294 Liebmann, B., I. Blade, N.A. Bond, D.J. Gochis, D. Allured, and G. Bates.

Coupling terrestrial and atmospheric water dynamics to improve prediction in a changing environment

2008
Bull. American Meteorological Society, 1275- 1278 Lyon, S., D. Gochis, F. Dominguez, N.A. Brunsell; C.L. Castro; F.K. Chow; Y. Fan; D. Fuka, Y. Hong; P.A. Kucera; S. W. Nesbitt; N. Salzmann; J. Schmidli; P.K. Snyder; A.J. TeuLing; T.E. Twine; S. Levis; J.D. Lundquist; G.D. Salvucci; A.M. Sealy and M.T. Walter.

Monsoon region climate applications: Integrating climate science with regional planning and policy

2007
88(6), 933- 935 Ray, A.J., G.M. Garfin, L. Brito-Castillo, M. Cortez-Vazquez, H.F. Diaz, J. Garatuza-Payan, D. Gochis, R. Lobato-Sanchez, R. Varady, and C. Watts.

The NAME 2004 field campaign and modeling strategy

2006
ASO Authors: Dave Gochis.Higgins, R.W. D. Ahijevych, and J. Amador, et al.

Towards a unified view of the American monsoon systems

2006
19, 4977-5000 Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87(1), 79-94. Vera, C., R.W. Higgins, J. Amador, T. Ambrizzi, R. Garreaud, D. Gochis, D. Gutzler, D. Lettenmaier, J. Morengo, C.R. Mechoso, J. Nogues-Peagle, P.L. Silva-Dias, and C. Zhang.

The impact of sea surface temperature on the North American monsoon: A GCM study

2003
30(2), 1033, Jan. 17, 2003 Yang, Z.-L., Gochis D., and Shuttleworth W.J.

Preliminary diagnostics from a new event-based precipitation monitoring system in support of the North American monsoon experiment

2003
4(5), 974-981 Gochis, D.J., W.J. Shuttleworth, and Z.-L. Yang, 2003. Hydrometeorological response of the modeled North American Monsoon to convective parameterization. J. Hydrometeorology, 4, 235-250. Gochis, D.J., J.C., Leal, W.J. Shuttleworth, C.J. Watts and J. Garatuza-Payan.